Matius 5:21-22

Anger and Murder

5:21 “You have heard that it was said to an older generation, ¹  ‘Do not murder,’ ²  and ‘whoever murders will be subjected to judgment.’ 5:22 But I say to you that anyone who is angry with a brother ³  will be subjected to judgment. And whoever insults ⁴  a brother will be brought before ⁵  the council, ⁶  and whoever says ‘Fool’ ⁷  will be sent ⁸  to fiery hell. ⁹ 

Matius 5:25

5:25 Reach agreement ¹⁰  quickly with your accuser while on the way to court, ¹¹  or he ¹²  may hand you over to the judge, and the judge hand you over to the warden, and you will be thrown into prison.

Matius 5:40

5:40 And if someone wants to sue you and to take your tunic, ¹³  give him your coat also.

Matius 7:1-2

Do Not Judge

7:1 “Do not judge so that you will not be judged. ¹⁴  7:2 For by the standard you judge you will be judged, and the measure you use will be the measure you receive. ¹⁵ 

Matius 10:15

10:15 I tell you the truth, ¹⁶  it will be more bearable for the region of Sodom and Gomorrah ¹⁷  on the day of judgment than for that town!

Matius 11:22

11:22 But I tell you, it will be more bearable for Tyre and Sidon on the day of judgment than for you!

Matius 11:24

11:24 But I tell you, it will be more bearable for the region of Sodom ¹⁸  on the day of judgment than for you!”

Matius 12:7

12:7 If ¹⁹  you had known what this means: ‘I want mercy and not sacrifice,’ ²⁰  you would not have condemned the innocent.

Matius 12:18

12:18 “Here is ²¹  my servant whom I have chosen,

the one I love, in whom I take great delight. ²² 

I will put my Spirit on him, and he will proclaim justice to the nations.

Matius 12:27

12:27 And if I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your sons ²³  cast them ²⁴  out? For this reason they will be your judges.

Matius 12:36

12:36 I ²⁵  tell you that on the day of judgment, people will give an account for every worthless word they speak.

Matius 12:41-42

12:41 The people ²⁶  of Nineveh will stand up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it, because they repented when Jonah preached to them ²⁷  – and now, ²⁸  something greater than Jonah is here! 12:42 The queen of the South ²⁹  will rise up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it, because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon – and now, ³⁰  something greater than Solomon is here!

Matius 18:30

18:30 But he refused. Instead, he went out and threw him in prison until he repaid the debt.

Matius 19:28

19:28 Jesus ³¹  said to them, “I tell you the truth: ³²  In the age when all things are renewed, ³³  when the Son of Man sits on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging ³⁴  the twelve tribes of Israel.

[5:21]  ¹ tn Grk “to the ancient ones.”

[5:21]  ² sn A quotation from Exod 20:13; Deut 5:17.

[5:22]  ³ tc The majority of mss read the word εἰκῇ (eikh, “without cause”) here after “brother.” This insertion has support from א² D L W Θ 0233 Ë^1,13 33 Ï it sy co Ir^lat Or^mss Cyp Cyr. Thus the Western, Caesarean, and Byzantine texttypes all include the word, while the best Alexandrian and some other witnesses (Ì⁶⁴ א* B 1424^mg pc aur vg Or Hier^mss) lack it. The ms evidence favors its exclusion, though there is a remote possibility that εἰκῇ could have been accidentally omitted from these witnesses by way of homoioarcton (the next word, ἔνοχος [enocos, “guilty”], begins with the same letter). An intentional change would likely arise from the desire to qualify “angry,” especially in light of the absolute tone of Jesus’ words. While “without cause” makes good practical sense in this context, and must surely be a true interpretation of Jesus’ meaning (cf. Mark 3:5), it does not commend itself as original.

[5:22]  ⁴ tn Grk “whoever says to his brother ‘Raca,’” an Aramaic word of contempt or abuse meaning “fool” or “empty head.”

[5:22]  ⁵ tn Grk “subjected,” “guilty,” “liable.”

[5:22]  ⁶ tn Grk “the Sanhedrin.”

[5:22]  ⁷ tn The meaning of the term μωρός (mwros) is somewhat disputed. Most take it to mean, following the Syriac versions, “you fool,” although some have argued that it represents a transliteration into Greek of the Hebrew term מוֹרֵה (moreh) “rebel” (Deut 21:18, 20; cf. BDAG 663 s.v. μωρός c).

[5:22]  ⁸ tn Grk “subjected,” “guilty,” “liable.”

[5:22]  ⁹ tn Grk “the Gehenna of fire.”

[5:22]  sn The word translated hell is “Gehenna” (γέεννα, geenna), a Greek transliteration of the Hebrew words ge hinnom (“Valley of Hinnom”). This was the valley along the south side of Jerusalem. In OT times it was used for human sacrifices to the pagan god Molech (cf. Jer 7:31; 19:5-6; 32:35), and it came to be used as a place where human excrement and rubbish were disposed of and burned. In the intertestamental period, it came to be used symbolically as the place of divine punishment (cf. 1 En. 27:2, 90:26; 4 Ezra 7:36).

[5:25]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “Make friends.”

[5:25]  ¹¹ tn The words “to court” are not in the Greek text but are implied.

[5:25]  ¹² tn Grk “the accuser.”

[5:40]  ¹³ tn Or “shirt” (a long garment worn under the cloak next to the skin). The name for this garment (χιτών, citwn) presents some difficulty in translation. Most modern readers would not understand what a “tunic” was any more than they would be familiar with a “chiton.” On the other hand, attempts to find a modern equivalent are also a problem: “Shirt” conveys the idea of a much shorter garment that covers only the upper body, and “undergarment” (given the styles of modern underwear) is more misleading still. “Tunic” was therefore employed, but with a note to explain its nature.

[7:1]  ¹⁴ sn The point of the statement do not judge so that you will not be judged is that the standards we apply to others God applies to us. The passive verbs in this verse look to God’s action.

[7:2]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “by [the measure] with which you measure it will be measured to you.”

[10:15]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”

[10:15]  ¹⁷ sn The allusion to Sodom and Gomorrah, the most wicked of OT cities from Gen 19:1-29, shows that to reject the current message is even more serious than the worst sins of the old era and will result in more severe punishment.

[11:24]  ¹⁸ sn The allusion to Sodom, the most wicked of OT cities from Gen 19:1-29, shows that to reject the current message is even more serious, and will result in more severe punishment, than the worst sins of the old era. The phrase region of Sodom is in emphatic position in the Greek text.

[12:7]  ¹⁹ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[12:7]  ²⁰ sn A quotation from Hos 6:6 (see also Matt 9:13).

[12:18]  ²¹ tn Grk “Behold my servant.”

[12:18]  ²² tn Grk “in whom my soul is well pleased.”

[12:27]  ²³ sn Most read your sons as a reference to Jewish exorcists (cf. “your followers,” L&N 9.4), but more likely this is a reference to the disciples of Jesus themselves, who are also Jewish and have been healing as well (R. J. Shirock, “Whose Exorcists are they? The Referents of οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν at Matthew 12:27/Luke 11:19,” JSNT 46 [1992]: 41-51). If this is a reference to the disciples, then Jesus’ point is that it is not only him, but those associated with him whose power the hearers must assess. The following reference to judging also favors this reading.

[12:27]  ²⁴ tn The pronoun “them” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context.

[12:36]  ²⁵ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[12:41]  ²⁶ tn Grk “men”; the word here (ἀνήρ, anhr) usually indicates males or husbands, but occasionally is used in a generic sense of people in general, as here (cf. BDAG 79 s.v. 1.a, 2).

[12:41]  ²⁷ tn Grk “at the preaching of Jonah.”

[12:41]  ²⁸ tn Grk “behold.”

[12:42]  ²⁹ sn On the queen of the South see 1 Kgs 10:1-3 and 2 Chr 9:1-12, as well as Josephus, Ant. 8.6.5-6 (8.165-175). The South most likely refers to modern southwest Arabia, possibly the eastern part of modern Yemen, although there is an ancient tradition reflected in Josephus which identifies this geo-political entity as Ethiopia.

[12:42]  ³⁰ tn Grk “behold.”

[19:28]  ³¹ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[19:28]  ³² tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”

[19:28]  ³³ sn The Greek term translated the age when all things are renewed (παλιγγενεσία, palingenesia) is understood as a reference to the Messianic age, the time when all things are renewed and restored (cf. Rev 21:5).

[19:28]  ³⁴ sn The statement you…will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel looks at the future authority the Twelve will have when Jesus returns. They will share in Israel’s judgment.